近年夏天來臨時,城市就熱得像烤箱,且高溫紀錄不斷的被打破,這是現代城市中的都市熱島效應問題。2023年夏季,美國鳳凰城達到驚人的44℃氣溫,臺灣5月時也出現40.1℃的極端高溫,這些高溫天氣導致熱傷害事件頻傳,而都市熱島效應及大量人類活動所產生的空氣污染排放,都是讓城市溫度持續上升的原因,並且將會是全球許多都會區面臨的現象。
在城市中要增加綠地保留水域或建立公園種植樹木等,需要大規模的工程及政府參與,並且需要一段時間才能實現。因此,我們可以在生活範圍中,家的屋頂、陽台、庭院及周邊空地建立「居家花園」。
我們的團隊觀察到,日本福岡市邀請環境科學家、城市規劃師、生態學家等專業人士共同制定城市綠化的方針。透過公共論壇、工作坊、教育活動和網絡平台等,來提升市民對這個議題的認識,鼓勵市民參與其中,包括自家住宅種植花園,種植樹木、綠籬等建立綠化區域12,共同努力減少城市的熱效應。另外,新加坡政府透過鼓勵市民參與城市綠化行動、稅收減免或提供綠色補助金等多種方式,讓每位市民都能成為綠色行動大使。以綠化私人住宅和土地、創建食物花園、屋頂花園和垂直綠化等項目,為城市降溫出力,創造更宜人的生活環境13。
透過學習其他國家的經驗,參與綠化居住生活,不僅能增添綠意,也能提升生活品質及緩和居家熱暴露。每個人都可以參與這場城市生活的綠色革命,從你我開始著手,發展自己的綠色生活,讓我們一起為自己、為城市、為地球做出更好的選擇!
參考文獻:
1.林子平(2022)。都市的夏天為什麼愈來愈熱?:圖解都市熱島現象與退燒策略。臺北:商周出版。
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3.Kabisch, N., M. van den Bosch and R. Lafortezza (2017). The health benefits of nature-based solutions to urbanization challenges for children and the elderly – A systematic review. Environmental Research, 159: 362-373.
4.Wolf, K. L., S. T. Lam, J. K. McKeen, G. R. Richardson, M. van den Bosch and A. C. Bardekjian (2020). Urban trees and human health: A scoping review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12): 4371.
5.Hartig, T., R. Mitchell, S. De Vries and H. Frumkin (2014). Nature and health. Annual review of public health, 35: 207-228.
6.Triguero-Mas, M., P. Dadvand, M. Cirach, D. Martínez, A. Medina, A. Mompart, X. Basagaña, R. Gražulevičienė and M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen (2015). Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: relationships and mechanisms. Environment international, 77: 35-41.
7.Morani, A., D. J. Nowak, S. Hirabayashi and C. Calfapietra (2011). How to select the best tree planting locations to enhance air pollution removal in the MillionTreesNYC initiative. Environmental Pollution, 159(5): 1040-1047.
8.Baró, F., L. Chaparro, E. Gómez, J. Langemeyer, D. Nowak and J. Terradas (2014). Contribution of Ecosystem Services to Air Quality and Climate Change Mitigation Policies: The Case of Urban Forests in Barcelona. Spain AMBIO, 43, 466-479 (2014).
9.Cameron, R. W. and T. Blanuša (2016). Green infrastructure and ecosystem services–is the devil in the detail? Annals of Botany, 118(3): 377-391.
10.Bowler, D. E., L. Buyung-Ali, T. M. Knight and A. S. Pullin (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and urban planning, 97(3): 147-155.
11.Burkart, K., F. Meier, A. Schneider, S. Breitner, P. Canário, M. J. Alcoforado, D. Scherer and W. Endlicher (2016). Modification of heat-related mortality in an elderly urban population by vegetation (urban green) and proximity to water (urban blue): evidence from Lisbon, Portugal. Environmental health perspectives, 124(7): 927-934.
12.Mabon, L., Shih, W. Y., Kondo, K., Kanekiyo, H., & Hayabuchi, Y. (2019). What is the role of epistemic communities in shaping local environmental policy? Managing environmental change through planning and greenspace in Fukuoka City, Japan. Geoforum, 104, 158-169.
13.Ruefenacht, L., & Acero, J. A. (2017). Strategies for cooling Singapore: A catalogue of 80+ measures to mitigate urban heat island and improve outdoor thermal comfort.
14.台電電力粉絲團(2021)。宅在家吹冷氣電費高 想省電可以跟這樣做。
https://health99.hpa.gov.tw/theme/content/349
15.UK Health Security Agency (2023). Beat the heat: keep cool at home checklist. Retrieved from
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beat-the-heat-hot-weather-advice/beat-the-heat-keep-cool-at-home-checklist